We routinely develop desktop applications ranging from small single-user app to medium or large apps with tens to possible hundreds of users concurrently addressing the same database.
The project size and needs dictates the choise of the programming language and technologies. Nowadays there are many technologies to choose from.
As an effective RAD (Rapid Application Development), MS Access was initially aimed for home and smaller offices, being part of the Office suite. It later became the tool of a larger audience, up to corporate entities. This is because in the right hands MS Access can become a powerful and versatile tool: it allows for fast development and integration with other platforms (APIs, databases) while being relatively easy to maintain and work with.
The problem with MS Access is the learning curve: basic concepts can be learned quickly, but for serious features a "real" developer with lots of VBA experience is needed.
We develop applications for MS Access (VBA) on a high level; our library of custom functions and classes is continuously growing to make the products competitive, fast and easy to use. Using VBA we have integrated online solutions and technologies such as Wordpress (WooCommerce), eBay, Amazon and many others.
We routinely integrate MS Access frontends rarely using the native MS Access database (for single-user apps) as a backend, but most often the backend is MySQL or MS SQL. These real DB engines can be used for remote connections, meaning all the data is stored in the cloud and it can be securely accessed by other applications.
We have lots of experience with integrations of business management software such as Sage Accounts 50 (invoice injection, special reports Sage can't produce using the Sage database via OBDC connection and others).
A large range of APIs can be integrated allowing the MS Access applications to send SMS, make calls, process emails, download/upload orders from Amazon/Ebay or online stores, hanle online stores, collect and process data, mine data and other such functionalities using the VBA language.
Java has the advantage of being cross platform, so it can be compiled to run on other OS (Linux). It also allows the development of larger applications where a higher level of customization and lots of data manipulation is needed.